The Malahide Viaduct is owned and operated by Iarnród Eireann and was constructed in 1844 to provide a rail link across the Broadmeadow Estuary. The original design was a 176m long viaduct comprised of eleven timber spans, each approximately 16m long, and supported on timber piles driven into a estuary bed.
History of the Viaduct
Soon after it was open for operations, the structure was found to be highly susceptible to scour action. This was as a result of tidal flow in and out of the estuary. In order to address this issue, a stone weir was constructed along the length of the structure. This did not only protected the piles from scouring action but also assisted in maintaining a constant level of water in the estuary, thus reducing the volume of tidal flow. Also, in order to preserve the weir integrity, stones had to be continuously discharged along the viaduct to replace those lost through scouring action.
In 1860, the timber piles were replaced with masonry piers, supported on top of the stone weir. The super-structure was consequently replaced with wrought iron lattice girder beams. Subsequent maintenance of the structure continued in 1922, with approximately 5200tonnes of stones having being discharged along the viaduct. In 1965, the lattice girders were replaced with post-tensioned concrete beams with a specific design requirement. This was the easy removal of the super-structure handrails, to facilitate the easy discharge of stones along the weir.
By 1967, a grouting program was initiated to inject concrete into the weir, and subsequent grouting was also undertaken in 1972-1973. Further discharge of stones, however, occurred in 1976, with the final discharge of stones occurring in 1996.
In summary, the ongoing management of the structure’s susceptibility to scour action was a key requirement since its original construction, with the 1965 handrail design indicating that the bridge owners anticipated that stone discharge would continue into the future
The Collapse
At approximately 22 minutes past 6:00 pm on 21st of August 2009, a train was travelling across the viaduct, when the train driver suddenly noticed a portion of the viaduct had begun to collapse. The driver, however, safely crossed the viaduct, but stopped at the nearby station, in order to alert the “controller” about the dangers ahead. In response to these, the controller immediately sets all signals to danger, preventing all incoming trains from crossing the viaduct. The train driver walked up to the line, by then, pier 4 of the viaduct along with the post-tensioned beams of span 4 & 5 had collapsed into the Estuary.
Unsurprisingly, the investigation led by the Railway Accident Investigation Unit (RAIU), concluded that scour action was the ultimate cause of the collapse. Scour action had undermined the foundation of pier 4 leading to the progressive collapse of the viaduct.
Lessons Learnt
Despite the long history of scouring awareness and prevention program, scour indeed proved to be the technical cause of the 2009 viaduct failure. Why did the management of Iarnród Eireann not anticipate the potential for this failure?. This answer to this question is simply “corporate memory loss.”
Whilst the RIAU investigation identified many contributing factors (such as poor training of bridge inspectors), shortfalls in structural inspection standards and the management failure to develop a working scour management plan. The investigation proved beyond all reasonable doubts the role played by ‘corporate memory loss’ in hampering Iarnród Eiermann’s ability to forestall the failure.
The RAIU investigation report defined corporate memory as “knowledge and information from a company’s past which can be accessed and used for present and future company activities¹.
With respect to the Malahide Viaduct, a critical piece of “knowledge and information” was the structure’s susceptibility to scour action and its historic maintenance program. But the RAIU investigation concluded that the engineers responsible for the structure in 2009 were unaware of the issue.
At the time of the failure, Iarnród Éireann managed their asset management data in their IAMS system, which was introduced in January 2005. It was envisaged that civil asset information, such as the information contained in Bridge Inspection Cards, would be uploaded into this system for future use. However, the RAIU investigation found that this had not occurred, nor was there widespread acceptance and enforcement of the IAMS system. In the case of the Malahide Viaduct, there was no information to highlight the structure’s susceptibility to scour – the only information uploaded was the viaduct’s number and mileage. Even at a basic level, there were no construction drawings relating to the viaduct’s foundations and, in the absence of this information, the engineers erroneously assumed that the masonry piers were founded on bedrock – and were thus unaware that the integrity of the structure as a whole was dependent on the integrity of the weir.
Furthermore, the RAIU investigation found that former Iarnród Eireann staff were indeed aware of the viaduct’s scour susceptibility and maintenance regime. However, these staff members had since left the division and the two district engineers and two assistant district engineers who worked in the division between 2002 and the time of the failure informed the RAIU investigators that they had no knowledge of the scour risk to the structure.
Finally, as with all significant failures, opportunities to identify the potential for failure was missed. For example, four days prior to the collapse, on the 17 August, a group leader of the Malahide Sea Scouts, who was a regular canoeist on the estuary, noticed that some of the stones around the base of Pier 4 had been washed away². He informed Iarnród Eireann, and an assistant engineer investigated. The engineer carried out the inspection on the viaduct the following day and identified that some of the masonry pier’s stonework was missing or cracked. He assumed this was the issue reported by the Scout’s leader and consequently, reported that he found no major structural defects.
However, during the inspection, the engineer took a photograph (Figure 1) which indicates the presence of some serious erosion around Pier 4. Not only does this incident highlight a missed opportunity to identify the potential for failure, but it also highlights the poor training the inspectors received in the identification of scour related issues.
In closure, this failure is a reminder of the mundane but typically critical role played by human factors in structural collapse. By 2009, it appears that the knowledge and information relating to the scour susceptibility of the Malahide Viaduct resided in the heads of a number of individuals who had left the division, rather than in a formal system that was accessible to the engineers responsible for the structure. In an era where the concept of a ‘job for life’ is becoming more uncommon, and with engineers moving evermore frequently from job to job and role to role, often taking corporate knowledge with them, this failure highlights the very real risks faced by asset management organizations, due to the threat of corporate memory loss.
Also see: Structural Failures – A Reflection of Societal Failure
References
1) Railway Accident Investigation Unit(2010) Investigation Report No. 2010-
R004: Malahide Viaduct Collapse on the Dublin to Belfast line on the 21st August 2009 [Online].Available at: www.raiu.ie/download/pdf/accident_malahide.pdf (Accessed: November 2020)
2) Lessons from the Malahide (2013). The Structural Engineer, Professional Guidance Note. The Institution of Structural Engineers. (Accessed: November 2020).
Thank You for Reading!!!
वास्तविक समयमा भर्खरको वेब समाचार
listable theme
zerossl
en iyi araç kamerası
những bài văn biểu cảm về loài cây em yêu
alan wake
hvordan koble til trådløs skriver
sizzer
xlm prognose
pembaca pdf
youporn twitter
superantispyware
para ocultar una columna o fila de la hoja de calculo usted debe primero
ios 14.4
וואט ווב
djengis khan børn
namen alphabet
el ultimo cazador de brujas
nba streaming
como habilitar ventanas emergentes
frozen 2 online
combler synonyme
ide для php
program paramount
que es dm en instagram
nächster vollmond 2021
animales fantásticos: los crímenes de grindelwald reparto
migliori app windows 10
shadow and bone
slakachtig wezen uit star wars
lage qr kode
nun massacre
kuda rose
almorzar
how to delete repository in github
zooey jeong
aquaman 2 release date
adobe xd là gì
apple play store
married at first sight streaming
doctor strange 2
how to screen record on chromebook
come pubblicare su instagram da pc
how to change instagram password
cs go servers
juegos gratis steam
spark token price
que es 4k
marcus samuelsson kock
the billion brick race
как отменить печать
spotify playlist löschen
แปลงไฟล์เสียงเป็นข้อความ
helt enkelt instagram
photoshop sitesi
piskopos heahmund
crewnet qantas
sophie turner películas y programas de televisión
google colaboratory
ecualizador windows 10
アバスト クリーンアップ
westworld 1 sezon 1 bölüm
google クラウドプリント
นักผจญภัยคลาส e
bildschirm spiegeln iphone
the i-land
dragon ball z personajes
google logo history
como responder mensajes en instagram
como quitar una hoja de word
every breath you take
microsoft expression web
ส่งไฟล์ขนาดใหญ่
app per prendere appunti windows 10
noi kwa roi
david giuntoli
studio ghibli filmer produsert
the walking dead 10. sezon
playstation plus czerwiec 2019
gry za darmo steam
mfe.neu
יונייטד איירליינס
anime oyunları
alternativas a wetransfer
マリオ カート レインボー ロード
mandalorian sezon 3
what does yeet mean
וומבלי בט
bootstrap 4 có gì mới
heic
בריזיט בארדו
מצא את האייפון
www calanka com
כריסטינה ריצ י
trò chơi roblox
ezgif
elevated permissions are required to run dism
wow encrusted coin
radeon rx 5000
google docs dark mode
kabel hdmi terbaik
ฮอกกี้ สด
watch love actually online free
logitech flow
eddie murphy filme
how to delete roblox account
abbey memorials
websiteverkeer
trello nedir
lenovo tab 4 8 australia
the walking dead sezon 10 odcinek 16
freebitco.in
hundebasseng
nikolas ajagu
advanced system care test
padme amidala
גון קרסינסקי
best pdf compressor
spoilers discord
costu
рикроллинг
シャドウバン 確認
airpods hoesjes
bondelan
קורסרה
audi q4 e tron
deensdag
migliori processori
נוט 20 אולטרה
sean connery filmer
iphone x uzywany
where is heart lake in fortnite
youtubetomp3
permitir ventanas emergentes
duncan jones
benedict wong
compresor de pdf
windows 10 battery icon missing
nube animado
descargar canciones de soundcloud
dragon ball personajes
multiplicacion en excel
un million de petites choses
קרבונרה מתכון
hoc vien anh hung cua toi ss2
gastroenterologo en la serena
kathryn newton películas y programas de televisión
pazadetoji
стратегии на пк топ
xbox series x pre order uk argos
hvordan døde peppa gris
セルシウス 仮想通貨
swiss
hulu vs youtube tv
google docs dark mode
bob stranger things
carta regalo netflix
greys anatomy steaming
pornhub engelleme kaldır
pubg ps4 アプデ
in welke aziatische stad vinden we de chique wijk gangnam
windows media creation tool
twd season 10
personajes de anime
merry happy whatever cast
best post apocalyptic movies
nba playoff
billy russo
старые сериалы дисней
nortons theorem
discord ps4
блейк джонсон
fransız dizileri
sam heughan filmler ve tv şovları
ofertas de walmart hoy
cpu z
clonar disco duro a ssd
disco elysium recensione
concurrentiematrix
marvel filmer rekkefølge
jordan claire robbins
מניית דיסני
gregg sulkin
transformers 7
เปีย ผม ด้วย ตัว เอง
obi blat
reese witherspoon films en tv-programmas
urzikstan
ganti font windows 10
0xc00000e9
diablo immortal kiedy
บิชอป
krugman twitter
vao pornhub
hdd クローン ソフト 有料
hva er vpn
best crypto tax software
אליסון מאק
url:blacklist
ue boom
pc auf xbox streamen
shannara
эмулятор на андроид
gala de
tutanota
coolest banners
siga bebiendo
casque bose qc35
wordfence plugin
dan harmon
lon: kie
hjerte emoji
the punisher temporada 3
convertir heic en jpg
80ユーロ
sta kryssord
essent cashback
ayaka genshin impact
cod dansk
google drive prezzi
lo favør
windows 10 yazılar bulanık
modo efimero instagram
shoma uno
tse:pho
tải nhạc chuông reality
popcorn time sh
aquaman after credits
google one pricing
uitzending giro d italia
topshop nl
เจมส์ วาน ภาพยนตร์
how to scan a document in windows 10
цусима игра
fallout 5
revisar
como cambiar nombre de gmail
perle påskeegg
attached synonym
como multiplicar en excel
an comhdhail voy
oura ring review
how to remove hyperlink in excel
pal verdi
จัตุรัสเทียนอันเหมิน
vertical sync
bennett genshin impact
tiesiogines krepsinio transliacija internetu
best cheap gaming mouse
intel core i9 9900k
un lugar en silencio netflix
ван гал
elizabeth banks phim
rtx 3000 cena
pogoda wellingborough
samsung galaxy tab s6 lite test
מתיו ברודריק
schuine boblijn
what does the soul stone do
publicar en instagram desde pc
panorama lajmet e fundit
långa koftor
descargar subtitulos
exif
phim tôi không phải là robot
dark phoenix initial release
detective pikachu easter eggs
discord mac
hachiko raza
lincredibile jessica james
fallout 76 pre order
tottenham ajax streaming
subtitles on amazon prime
אליוד קיפצוגה
snooker 2020 takvimi
adam f goldberg
android на пк
the billion brick race
merge cells in word
sega bg
golden state killer sharon marie huddle
фалаут 5
ashoka tano
элис (resident evil)
best psp game
katania sycylia pogoda
extra torrent
one piece arcs
wu yongning
young justice temporada 3
uninstall windows defender
nowy windows
nom déquipe
amahttps://www.google.com
nna
dougray scott
instagram iniciar
foto seronok di facebook
cara mematikan asisten google
star wars filmler
pornhub statistics
rymdstation iss
one connect box
assistir the originals
wwe aktualności
фон рабочего стола windows 10
windowserver mac
ebun gold
marie avgeropoulos
avast bankläge
tiesiogines krepsinio transliacija internetu
bts koncert
iphone se מחיר
hej google
meghan markle filmler ve tv şovları
pyimagesearch
google form gratuit
tsoa
fri trailer
hwmonitor
บ้าน โอบ ฟ้า
ethereum etf canada
for sama recensie
castle rock saison 2
win10 フォント 変更
générateur de slogan
diagrama caso de uso
algoritma tiktok
alten sophia antipolis
ps4 pc crossplay games
grillrecept
watch doom patrol
best soundbar under £200
david giuntoli
tạo qr code facebook
most popular anime
archivos .dat
פאי מתכון
snk saison 4 date
โปรแกรม กํา จัด มั ล แว ร์
apache flume tutorial
35 לירה שטרלינג
meilleur matelas en boite
dazn free trial
what is vsync
rückgabedatum
the boys reparto
bruges psg streaming
cx5
phụ kiện ivan
marcadores online
league of legends jubiläum geschenke
bryan cranston películas y programas de televisión
lobero irlandes
marcadores online
cancelar cuenta netflix
bendera bulgaria
john reid
small keyboard
alex hirsch
najlepsze routery
game thu sau ngay 13
activar ventanas emergentes
series kaos
avast premium security review
crear server minecraft
jfet
lothric knight sword
err_connection_closed
iphone アイコン 変更
マーカス・ストローマン
trello adalah
bootstrap datepicker
shrug emoticon
ecmansoft
fond décran google
apagar iphone 11
expectativas salariales
a configuration change was requested to clear this computers tpm
גייסון סודייקיס
monsieur cuisine lidl
google bildesøk
where to watch yellowstone season 1
0x8024200d
טפטים לטלפון
spotify priser
ユーロ 試合
editor de ecuaciones
דה רוקוקו
arabali cizgi film
<a href="https://www.hebergementwebs.com/ajax-page-articledesc.php?fid=6678338
chz 仮想通貨
spiderman daleko od domu sceny po napisach
haland
fidio
tuvimos sinonimo
dar de baja hbo
how to convert speech to text in python
lejuan james
pullman cargo telefono
rfq
dünyanın en büyük örümceği
dan stevens phim và chương trình truyền hình
hdmi vs displayport
spoiler discord
correo 10 minutos
netsh
recortar imagen en illustrator
ps3 verkopen
app พยากรณ์ อากาศ
bob stranger things
nhạc trữ tình nhạc sến
thepiratebay.com
wandavision gdzie obejrzeć
jquery cdn google
south park next episode
klockverktyg
aramalarım
shannara chronicles season 3
bästa gratis antivirus 2019
keto mat
facebook ads library
historisk racing
the sinking city steam
ניקי ריד
direccion de sherlock holmes
doctor who new series
haland
roblox là gì
lord mobile
como jugar roblox
グーグルアシスタント できること
roopkund-see
гранд тур 4 сезон
porsche macan interni
telewizor 65 cali oled
anne bonny
hdmi arc
как обрезать в фотошопе
resize image without losing quality
docx
samsung a52 5g
facetime for android
note 21 release date
best anime characters
walking dead timeline
mejores peliculas ciencia ficcion
føderal
tv program ikväll
bästa mobilen just nu
ppsx to ppt
avast サブスクリプション
ojciec chrzestny 2 cda
visionneuse photo windows
urutan call of duty
ps plus spiele mai 2020
avast ディスク使用率
kapitan ameryka 2
what does op mean
proiettore 4k economico
לורד מאונטבטן
sophie turner películas y programas de televisión
mayhem bedeutung
джой мангано
toby kebbell
digital communication tutorial
zipx
geraldine viswanathan
ue boom 3
error 522
ps4 controller goedkoop
gambar kaca pembesar
แล็ปท็อป คือ
finn tilbyderen
sony telefoni
totalav free
icloud สําหรับ windows
スライドシェア
tfw means
how to avoid toll on google maps
galaxy s21 release date
cinebench download
tay xbox one
dollar tecken mac
intuit impot 2020
wordfence plugin
ivideo wifi
cara buono
mayhem pelicula
bitcoin mining mac
facebook tijdelijk verwijderen
fallout 5
cubo ai plus
tse: ta
wondershare filmora
מלון ססיל
multiplicacion de matrices
превосходная степень бесхозяйственности
rvb season 16
シス卿
sangria word
freebitco
eliminare account snapchat
når kommer ios 14
juegos mmorpg gratis
cách chơi roblox
google スライド テンプレート
meghan markle filme
tse:aso
dominacja bitcoina
emuos
geschwindigkeitstest
mugiwara
telegram porno
programacion volver
naminum
en iyi hisse senetleri
nio aktiekurs
mario kart 9
mugiwara
y stol sort
como recuperar contraseña de facebook
คอร์ด เพลง คน ที่ ฆ่า ฉัน
walmart tablette samsung
game of thrones นักแสดง
how to merge partition in windows 10
raya ve son ejderha
אליזבת הארלי
curl download file
1fichier
מקנזי בזוס
youre almost done!click “add extension” to complete the installation.
css important
tai mano gyvenimas
tesla semi
prison break temporada 6
קוברה קאי עונה 3
permitir ventanas emergentes
el ultimo cazador de brujas
esther pallister
lås celler i excel
empoze etmek
bilramp
change username spotify
mods sims 4
totalav recensione
forfait virgin mobile
bootstrap 4 vertical tabs responsive
stockcharts
update adobe flash player
gamestop city syd
moment psykologi
แดชบอร์ด
דברים מוזרים עונה 4
cascade definition
tse: zena
the batman 2021
marvel hakkında bilmeniz gereken her şey
curl download file
ipad pris
kim possible sadie stanley
justwatch
meteorregn
recuperar correos eliminados gmail
avast ราคา
lokwinske
dlss nedir
microsoft edge update
what is mtu
ครีม รอบ ดวงตา ที่ ดี ที่สุด
err_ssl_protocol_error
gpu stress tests
mario 8 bits
dazn canlı izle
cashoverflow
smtp คือ
чем открыть webp
the walking dead online
ダーク マター クラスター
nieuwe voorwaarden whatsapp
discord formatting
ionic button
fallout 4 weapon mods
slidesgo
icoreview site
medelklass lön
dragon ball personajes
hbo gratis
kartel sinaloa
ps plus december
gelinliğe evet de
the sinner temporada 2
milwaukee bucks rosa della squadra
types of signals
krigsspillet
startup folder windows 10
kalender med ugenumre
גון קרסינסקי
cpuid hwmonitor
displayport vs dvi
whatsapp payant
kooxda com
hdsentinel
มหากาพย์สไปเดอร์แมน
nota musical simbolo
protonvpn
best sony phone
evli tw
samtal väntar iphone
лучший корпус для пк
norton theorem
frankrike portugal
sorare
thank you for your consideration
diviser pdf
greske bokstaver
recover deleted emails gmail
facebook hacken
instagram efektleri
coinzoom
best wordpress themes 2017
zapis privat
how to reopen a closed tab
rose byrne películas
chaiyo hosting
regarder rds en direct gratuitement