# Structural Design of Piled Foundation: Example

### Introduction

The design of piled foundation unlike other foundation types largely falls within the remit of a geotechnical engineer with little assistance from the structural engineer. The first step often requiring the geotechnical team to conduct a detailed site investigation. At the level of site investigation, the geotechnical engineer determines the soil condition and engineering properties of the underlying soil strata, it is based on this information, that useful recommendations are made on the type of pile to use and the required depth to reach. A site investigation report is then issued to the structural engineer containing a pile catalogue. The pile catalogue includes the pile sizes and length of embedment with the corresponding safe working load. In fact, more importantly, a detailed site investigation report on piling s contains information about:

• The total settlement and differential settlement to which the structure can tolerate without any adverse effect
• The driving of the piles and the load they impose on the soil such that they do not damage neighbouring structures
• The economic advantage of the pile type for the given scenario .

Having furnished the structural designer with the above details, the structural engineer can decide on the pile layout by estimating the total number of piles that would be required to support a column or wall. For small pile groups (2-5), this is done by relating the loads from the superstructure element at serviceability with the safe working load of piles from the pile catalogue. Of course, except in many instances, heavily loaded structures, where the geotechnical engineer in addition to providing a detailed site investigation report is also responsible for the pile layout. In such instances, the structural engineer would’ve been required to furnish the geotechnical engineer with the loads coming from the superstructure in advance. This is an essential and important process when dealing with large pile groups for which appraising the load distribution and settlement of individual pile in the pile group tends to be an issue.

The structural engineer is wholly responsible for providing the longitudinal reinforcements and ties required in the piles, pile caps and ground beams if necessary.

Piling as a subject including the component of piled foundations has been extensively discoursed in previous posts. Thus this post is only an attempt at showing how a typical piled foundation is designed from a practical point of view. We recommended reading/revising these articles as a prerequisite to this.

See:

Introduction to Piling

Geotechnical Design of Concrete Piles to EC7

### Procedure for Design

• Using the un-factored loads, calculate the number of piles required under each column/wall by relating the un-factored loads with the safe load capacity of piles in the pile catalogue.
• Proportion the pile caps on plan in accordance with the above general principles. Typical arrangements are shown in the article on pile caps
• Determine the initial depth of the pile cap as equal to the horizontal distance from the centerline of the column to the centerline of the pile furthest away.
• Calculate the bending moments and the reinforcement in the pile caps using the factored loads
• Check the face shear and punching shear as for reinforced spread footings, using factored loads, and modify the depth if necessary.

### Worked Example

Figure 1 is the column application plan at the base of an 8 story building, showing the loads at serviceability limit state. It is required to found this building on a pile foundation. Using the pile catalogue, carry out sufficient calculation to establish the pile layout and quantity of reinforcing steels required in the pile caps using concrete C25/30 and grade 460 steel.

#### Column A1 (Typical for A3, E1 & E3)

Assuming, we want to use two piles for this columns, we can determine the pile type required by dividing the loads on the column at serviceability by the number of piles required, which is 2, and then select a suitable pile type from the pile catalogue.

no\quad of\quad pile\quad =\frac { load(unfactored) }{ 2 }
=\frac { 904+465 }{ 2 } =684.5kN<806kN

We can adopt, two 400mm diameter piles

Geometry of the pile-cap

Try an overall depth h=1000mm with an average effective depth of 900mm, the spacing between piles 3 x 400 = 1200mm, and assuming an overhang of 150mm from the piles both ways, length of pile cap =1200+(400/2)+(400/2)+150+150= 1900mm. Width of pile cap = 400 +150 +150 =700mm. The layout of the pile cap is shown as figure 2

Actions @ ULS

{ N }_{ uls }=1.35{ G }_{ k }+{ 1.5Q }_{ k }=1.35(904)+1.5(465)\\ =1917.9kN
self\quad weight\quad of\quad pile\quad cap\quad \\=1.7\times 0.8\times 1\times 25\\ =33.25kN
N=1917.9+33.25\quad =1951kN

Tension Reinforcement

T=\frac { Nl }{ 2d } =\frac { 1951\times \left( 1200/2 \right)  }{ 2\times 900 } =650.33kN
{ A }_{ s }=\frac { T }{ 0.87{ f }_{ yk } } =\frac { 650.33\times { 10 }^{ 3 } }{ 0.87\times 460 } =1625.01{ mm }^{ 2 }

The total area of reinforcement required in both direction As,req = 2 x 1625.01 =3250.5mm2

Try\quad 18T16-100mm\quad ({ A }_{ s,prov }=3618{ mm }^{ 2 })

Verify Minimum Area of Steel

{ A }_{ s,min }=0.26\frac { { f }_{ ctm } }{ { f }_{ yk } } bd\ge 0.0013bd
{ f }_{ ctm }=0.3{ f }_{ ck }^{ 2/3 }=0.3\times { 25 }^{ 2/3 }=2.56MPa
0.26\times \frac { 2.56 }{ 460 } \times 1900\times 900\ge \\ 0.0013\times 1900\times 900
=2474.5{ mm }^{ 2 }<{ A }_{ s,prov }\quad o.k

Shear Verification

V=\frac { 1951 }{ 2 } =976kN
{ a }_{ v }=\frac { 1900 }{ 2 } -\frac { 400 }{ 2 }- \left( 400+150 \right) +\frac { 400 }{ 5 } =280mm
 { V }_{ Ed }=V\frac { { a }_{ v } }{ 2d } =976\frac { 280 }{ \left( 2\times 900 \right)  } =151.8kN
{ V }_{ Rd,c }={ 0.12k\left( 100\rho { f }_{ ck } \right)  }^{ 1/3 }bd\ge 0.035{ k }^{ 2/3 }{ \sqrt { { f }_{ ck } }  }bd
k=1+\sqrt { \frac { 200 }{ d }  } =1+\sqrt { \frac { 200 }{ 900 }  } =1.47<2
\rho =\frac { { A }_{ s } }{ bd } =\frac {3618 }{ 1900\times 900 } =0.0021
{ V }_{ Rd,c }=0.12\cdot 1.47{ \left( 100\times 0.0021\times 25 \right)  }^{ 1/3 }bd\\ \ge 0.035\times { 1.47 }^{ 2/3 }\cdot \sqrt { 25 } bd
524.3kN\ > \left( { V }_{ Ed }=151.8kN \right) \quad o.k

Punching Verification

Pile spacing has being deliberately chosen at exactly 3 times the pile diameter to avoid further punching checks except at the column face

At the column face:

{ N }_{ Ed }\le { V }_{ Rd,max }
{ V }_{ Rd,max }=0.2\left( 1-\frac { { f }_{ ck } }{ 250 }  \right) { f }_{ ck }pd
0.2\left( 1-\frac { 25 }{ 250 }  \right) 25\times \left( 4\times 400 \right) \cdot 900
=6480kN\quad >\left( { N }=1951kN \right) \quad o.k